However, we are most concerned with the history of Atlantic Arctic exploration here, particularly that which concerns the Svalbard Archipelago. Exploration to the north of the Arctic Circle in the Renaissance was both driven by the rediscovery of the Classics and the national quests for commercial expansion, and hampered by limits in maritime technology, lack of stable food supplies, and insufficient insulation for the crew against extreme cold. But did you know he is also the third person to ever reach the South Pole? Amundsen disappeared, with the crew of his sea plane, during the rescue operations. Especially when the part of the world being explored is the Arctics. For thirteen years, the nation’s.. Expert author, Tony Soper, uncovers the history of the pioneers of Arctic exploration. In July 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who had written a treatise on the discovery of the passage and was a backer of Frobisher's, claimed the territory of Newfoundland for the English crown. Much of Africa also was unexplored by Westerners until the late 19th century and early 20th century. Western parts of the passage were simultaneously being explored by Northern European countries like England, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway, looking for an alternative seaway to China and India. Concise chronology of approach to the poles, Scott Polar Research Institute. A History of the Arctic: Nature, Exploration and Exploitation: McCannon, John: Amazon.sg: Books A number of previous expeditions set out with the intention of reaching the North Pole but did not succeed; that of British naval officer William Edward Parry in 1827, the tragic American Polaris expedition under Charles Francis Hall in 1871, the ill-fated Jeannette Expedition commanded by US Navy Lieutenant Commander George W. De Long in 1879, and the Norwegian Fram expedition of Fridtjof Nansen in 1895. Buy A History of Arctic Exploration: Discovery, Adventure and Endurance at the Top of the World First Edition by Juha Nurminen And Matti Laineman (ISBN: 9781844860692) from Amazon's Book Store. Martin Frobisher had formed a resolution to undertake the challenge of forging a trade route from England westward to India. Norge was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile, who overflew the Pole a second time on May 24, 1928. The Past and Present of the Thelema Religion, The Most Famous Carnival in the World: The Carnival of Rio de Janeiro, How America’s Most Iconic Brewers Survived The Alcohol Prohibition Years. The progress of the Vietnam War was documented and compiled in a file known as the Pentagon Papers. At the end of this trip, he walked into the city of Eagle, Alaska, and sent a telegram announcing his success. Buy A History of the Arctic: Nature, Exploration and Exploitation by McCannon, John online on Amazon.ae at best prices. The Scandinavian peoples also pushed farther north into their own peninsula by land and by sea. It was with a group of all-women explorers. This was a r… Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. History of the Arctic exploration. These classified documents were shared with the New York Times by a Department of Defense employee. The motives behind polar exploration were not merely adventure: from the 19th century scientific study of the Arctic landscape, ocean and climate were growing in importance. Humans have been exploring the North American Arctic for centuries, beginning about 5,000 years ago when Palaeoeskimos were looking for a homeland, followed by the Thule — ancestors of the Inuit. As early as 880, the Viking Ohthere of Hålogaland rounded the Scandinavian Peninsula and sailed to the Kola Peninsula and the White Sea. Founded by Aleister Crowly in the early 20th century, the Thelema religion is both intriguing and mysterious. They also explored north by boat, discovering the Northern Sea Route, as well as penetrating to the trans-Ural areas of northern Siberia. Geographically, though, it's almost as big as Germany. John Cabot's initial failure in 1497 to find a Northwest Passage across the Atlantic led the British to seek an alternative route to the east. Part of their reasoning was that it was a small nation. An illustrated history of Arctic oil exploration. No place on earth.. On January 17, 1920, a constitutional ban on the sale, importation, production, and transportation of alcohol made America a dry country. Fri, Sep 04, 2015. [1], Some scholars believe that the first attempts to penetrate the Arctic Circle can be traced to ancient Greece and the sailor Pytheas, a contemporary of Aristotle and Alexander the Great, who, in 325 BC, attempted to find the source of the tin that would sporadically reach the Greek colony of Massilia (now Marseille) on the Mediterranean coast. who made a voyage to a land north of Britain that he called 'Thule.' By the 17th century they established a continuous sea route from Arkhangelsk as far east as the mouth of Yenisey. His three years in the expedition only made him more curious about Antarctic exploration and for nearly 20 years he kept venturing into the Poles, recording anything he possibly could from these parts of the world. [11] The only usable route, linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was first used by John Rae in 1851. A history of Arctic exploration 29/04/2019 11:14 Written by Tony Soper. On 2 May 2007, BBC's Top Gear reached the 1996 position of the magnetic north pole (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}78°35.7′N 104°11.9′W / 78.5950°N 104.1983°W / 78.5950; -104.1983 (Magnetic North Pole 1996)) in a modified Toyota Hilux. A total of 58,318 US military personnel reportedly died in the war. His report spurred Erik the Red, an outlawed chieftain, to establish a settlement there in 985. However, in the harsh environment, they were not self-sufficient and required supplies, which were transported from Norway and Iceland across the sea. [17], On May 9, 1926, Americans Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett claimed to have flown over the North Pole in a Fokker F.VIIa/3m Tri-motor monoplane. Modern scholars debate the precise location of the new lands of Vinland, Markland, and Helluland that they discovered. He grew up in Greenland speaking Greenlandic and Danish, and has been called the "father of Eskimology"[14] and was the first Greenlander of Inuit and European descent to cross the Northwest Passage via dog sled. These are the mental images conjured when many think of the Arctic and the history of its exploration by Europeans, Russians and Americans. [1][16] He traveled with the aid of dogsleds and three separate support crews who turned back at successive intervals before reaching the Pole. Nevertheless, his tales were regarded as fantasy by later Greek and Roman authorities, such as the geographer Strabo. Fearing English and Dutch penetration into Siberia, Russia closed the Mangazeya seaway in 1619. The Vietnam War was also known as the Second Indochina War. They feared it would spread like a contagion to Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and their neighbors. Since the discovery of the American continent was the product of the search for a route to Asia, exploration around the northern edge of North America continued for the Northwest Passage. On April 26, 2009, Vassily Elagin, Afanassi Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Sergey Larin, Alexey Ushakov, Alexey Shkrabkin and Nikolay Nikulshin after 38 days and over 2,000 km (1,200 mi) (starting from Sredniy Island, Severnaya Zemlya) drove two Russian built cars "Yemelya-1" and "Yemelya-2" to the North Pole. Since then, she has led lots of other exploration missions to both the North and South Pole. While no one knows exactly how far Pytheas sailed, he may have crossed the Arctic Circle. Eastern Australia was not officially claimed for Britain by Capt. Survivors were eventually recovered. It refers to the historical period during which mankind has explored the region north of the Arctic Circle. His first journey to Antarctica in the 1800s was made possible thanks to his service as a British Royal Navy officer. Although these expeditions failed, new coasts and islands were discovered. No one has completed this journey since. 12 1885. Interest re-kindled in 1564 after Jacques Cartier's discovery of the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River. The debate over opening ANWR to drilling gained headway nationally in 1980, when President Jimmy Carter set aside less than eight percent of the refuge for potential oil and gas development. Although it was officially a conflict between North and South Vietnam, direct US involvement resulted in 8,744,000 American soldiers seeing action over almost twenty years. Davis rounded Greenland before dividing his four ships into separate expeditions to search for a passage westward. retrieved 2010-06-04. Pictures; Andrey Golovnev, Professor from Ural Federal University, prepared a report for the International Northern Archaeological Congress. In the 10th century, Gunnbjörn Ulfsson got lost in a storm and ended up within sight of the Greenland coast. ), a riveting history of Arctic exploration that begins, appropriately, with the Inuit, who moved into that bleak and treacherous land after the Ice Age. The period of Arctic exploration covers almost 2500 years, starting with the Greek, Pytheas of Massalia (Marseilles) in 320 B.C. [citation needed] In 1648 the Cossack Semyon Dezhnyov opened the now famous Bering Strait between America and Asia. He is one of the first and most famous Antarctic explorers in history. Sea ice was a key factor in the development of the Viking immigration into Greenland and the ultimate demise of their settlements. Unfortunately, his writings have been lost and there is much speculation as to whether Pytheas voyaged to Iceland, the Shetlands, or possibly northern Norway. The entire route lies in Arctic waters and parts are only totally free of ice for about two months per year, making it a very perilous journey. Sir James Clark Ross is considered to be a pioneer in Antarctic exploration. James Cook until 1770, while much of the Arctic and Antarctic were not explored until the 20th century. It is important to note that exploration did not cease entirely at this time. It was the ancient Greeks who first came up with the idea of Antarctica. The story of Arctic exploration involves many nations and peoples -- and of course, like other lands in what Europeans called the "New" world, large areas of the Arctic were already inhabited by peoples such as the Sami of Lapland, and the Yupik, Inupiat, and Inuit of North America. After six days of sailing, he reached land at the edge of a frozen sea (described by him as "curdled"), and described what is believed to be the aurora and the midnight sun. Historical records suggest that humankind have explored the northern extremes since 325 BC, when the ancient Greek sailor Pytheas reached a frozen sea while attempting to find a source of the metal tin. Explore the long history of exploration of the Arctic – from 330 BC to the present. One of the earliest and most important explorers of the region was Henry Hudson, a very capable navigator who made … [3] One widely disputed claim is that two brothers from Venice, Niccolo and Antonio Zeno, allegedly made a map of their journeys to that region, which were published by their descendants in 1558.[4]. In 1585, under the employ of Elizabeth I, the English explorer John Davis entered Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island. Sadly, despite surviving months of starvation, scurvy, and brutal weather in a makeshift cabin built from the wreckage of his ship, Barentsz never made it back to Amsterdam alive, dying just a few days after … In 1986, she became the first woman to journey into the North Pole on a dogsled. The ship's captain on this expedition was Lieutenant Louis Palander of the Swedish Royal Navy. A seminal event in Arctic exploration occurred in 1409, when Ptolemy's Geographia was translated into Latin, thereby introducing the concepts of latitude and longitude into Western Europe. U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict landed a plane at the Pole on May 3, 1952, accompanied by the scientist Albert P. Russian settlers and traders on the coasts of the White Sea, the Pomors, had been exploring parts of the northeast passage as early as the 11th century. Fast and free shipping free returns cash on … English and Dutch exploration of the Eurasian Arctic After a long period of inactivity following the decline of the Vikings, leadership in Arctic exploration was assumed in the early 16th century by the Dutch and the English. In 1648 the most famous of these expeditions, led by Fedot Alekseev and Semyon Dezhnev, sailed east from the mouth of Kolyma to the Pacific and doubled the Chukchi Peninsula, thus proving that there was no land connection between Asia and North America. He later explored further north into the Arctic and Hudson Bay for the Passage.[5][6]. McCannon discusses polar exploration and science, nation-building, diplomacy, environmental issues, and climate change, and the role indigenous populations have played in the arctic’s story. Due to the threat of growing communism, the US gradually took a more prominent role in the conflict. Willoughby's crew was shipwrecked off the Kola Peninsula, where they eventually died of scurvy. Many parts of the Arctic were already settled by the Eskimos and other peoples of Mongolic stock when the first European explorers, the Norsemen or Vikings , appeared in the region.Much later the search for the Northwest Passage and the Northeast Passage to reach Asia from Europe spurred exploration to the north. Though he was unable to pass through the icy Arctic waters, he reported to his sponsors that the passage they sought is "a matter nothing doubtfull [sic],"[This quote needs a citation] and secured support for two additional expeditions, reaching as far as Hudson Bay. Sir Robert McClure was credited with the discovery of the Northwest Passage by sea in 1851[10] when he looked across M'Clure Strait from Banks Island and viewed Melville Island. The Healy seamount is a stunning find that rises more than 3000 meters off the ocean floor. Brought back to Moscow, he launched the Muscovy Company, promoting trade between England and Russia. Historians even called this highly sought-after passage the “Arctic Grail” and characterized … This led to the first ‘International Polar Year’ (1882-83), which saw scientific … The storied history of Arctic exploration isn’t over. T he faded sign is nothing more than a simple wooden board, a faint white hand painted on its center, the index finger pointing ahead. On April 6, 1909, Robert Peary claimed to be the first person in recorded history to reach the North Pole[10] (although whether he actually reached the Pole is disputed). You may recognize Sir Edmund Hillary’s name from New Zealand’s $5 bill or from his impressive climbing career as the first person to scale the Everest to its full height (1953). However, their claim to have reached the Pole is disputed.[18]. Exploring and discovering uncharted territories is always an exciting concept. These journeys were part of military explorations stimulated by the Cold War context. [citation needed] The Inventio Fortunata, a lost book, describes in a summary written by Jacobus Cnoyen but only found in a letter from Gerardus Mercator, voyages as far as the North Pole. Nobile’s second trip was in the airship Italia that ran into a storm on the return trip and crashed on the ice. When determining whether to take part in the Vietnam War on a grand scale, US leaders and political advisers felt they could quickly take over the conflict and control Vietnam. The motive was trade with the Far East. Chancellor and his crew made it to the mouth of the Dvina River and the town of Arkhangelsk, where they were met by a delegation from the Tsar, Ivan the Terrible. Pomor activity in Northern Asia declined and the bulk of exploration in the 17th century was carried out by Siberian Cossacks, sailing from one river mouth to another in their Arctic-worthy kochs. Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery, List of firsts in the Geographic North Pole, Online Exhibit Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library and Renaissance Culture, "Excerpt from A Larger Discourse of the Same Voyage", "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online", Albert Operti Correspondence with Arctic Explorers, William Hunt Manuscript and Correspondence on Arctic Explorers, Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Effects of global warming on marine mammals, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_exploration&oldid=994456199, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 December 2020, at 20:28. The first people to have without doubt walked on the North Pole were the Soviet party of 1948 under the command of Alexander Kuznetsov, who landed their aircraft nearby and walked to the pole.[19]. [citation needed]. Rae used a pragmatic approach of traveling by land on foot and dog sled, and typically employed less than ten people in his exploration parties. From the local population, he heard news of the mysterious land of Thule, even farther to the north. The British returned to the Arctic in 1818, seeking a North-West Passage and answers to the navigational problems of high latitudes. They were heavily criticized for not understanding Vietnam's culture and history. On 2 August 2007, during Arktika 2007 Russian manned submersibles were the first to descend to the sea-bed below the pole. Ann Bancroft is pretty modern in terms of Arctic exploration, and one of the few female explorers to venture there. Published on 09/02/2016, 2:03pm. This part of the world has always intrigued him, and he shared that interest with Sir John Ross, his uncle. American Frederick Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole in 1908, but this has not been widely accepted. From 1576 to 1578, he took three trips to what is now the Canadian Arctic in order to find the passage. This section of ANWR became known as the 1002 area, after a section of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. [12], The Northwest Passage was not completely conquered by sea until 1906, when the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, who had sailed just in time to escape creditors seeking to stop the expedition, completed a three-year voyage in the converted 47-ton herring boat Gjøa. It then proceeded to travel under the entire Polar ice cap. Frobisher Bay is named after him. This route, known as Mangazeya seaway, after its eastern terminus, the trade depot of Mangazeya, was an early precursor to the Northern Sea Route. With all the amazing discoveries hidden in the ice and water, Arctic exploration can truly be considered a new scientific frontier. He is one of the first and most famous Antarctic explorers in history. Although the first humans explored its interior only a 100 years ago, interest in the continent has existed for Shell’s recent aborted venture grabbed headlines, but it wasn’t the first foray into the polar region and may not be the last. Some years later, Steven Borough, the master of Chancellor's ship, made it as far as the Kara Sea, when he was forced to turn back because of icy conditions.[7]. INTO THE ICE: The Story of Arctic Exploration User Review - Kirkus From Curlee (Ships of the Air, 1996, etc. On March 17, 1959, the USS Skate (SSN-578) surfaced on the North Pole and dispersed the ashes of explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins. By 1828 they knew that no economically viable passage existed, while the Franklin catastrophe of 1845 ended scientific interest, although the search for Franklin charted much of the Canadian Arctic. The First Indochina War broke out between the communist North and the French-backed resistance in the South. They then founded the settlement of Mangazeya east of the Yamal Peninsula in the early 16th century. [citation needed] Not all the settlers were successful however in the attempts to reach the island. [1] Dangerous oceans and poor weather conditions often fetter explorers attempting to reach polar regions and journeying through these perils by sight, boat, and foot has proven difficult. Europeans began exploring the Arctic in the Elizabethan era when English seamen sought a shortcut to Asia by the seas north of America — the so-called Northwest Passage. [15] Rasmussen and his friend Peter Freuchen participated in seven Thule Expeditions, named after ultima Thule, and wrote numerous books on their Arctic experiences. The Arctic is one of the most remote and uncharted areas of the world. And while it definitely has the appeal of adrenaline and primal survival instincts, it’s also incredibly dangerous. In 1969 Wally Herbert, on foot and by dog sled, became the first man to reach the North Pole on muscle power alone, on the 60th anniversary of Robert Peary's famous but disputed expedition. However, the strait was blocked by young ice at this point in the season, and not navigable to ships. About this book . He did it as part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. She’s also used her skills and knowledge to draw attention to important environmental issues such as global warming and the basic human right of having clean water. [1] Sailing past the Pillars of Hercules, he reached Brittany and then Cornwall, eventually circumnavigating the British Isles. In A History of the Arctic, award-winning polar historian John McCannon provides an engaging overview of the region that spans from the Stone Age to the present.McCannon discusses polar exploration and science, nation-building, diplomacy, environmental issues, and climate change, and the role indigenous populations have played in the arctic’s story. It was Bering who gave their current names to Diomede Islands, discovered and first described by Dezhnev.[9]. History of the Arctic exploration. Fri, Sep 04, 2015. Documenting more than 2500 years of Arctic exploration, from the earliest seafarers of antiquity and the great naval and mercantile voyages in search of the Northwest and Northeast Passages, to the conquest of the North Pole and even beyond, A History of Arctic Exploration is the definitive account of expeditions made throughout the great Northern polar expanse. This activity began in the 16th cent. Crary.[20]. [2] Navigators were better able to chart their positions, and the European race to China, sparked by interest in the writings of Marco Polo, commenced. It was not until in 1878 that Finnish-Swedish explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld made the first complete passage of the North East Passage from west to east, in the Vega expedition. The crew of the airship Norge (including Roald Amundsen and the American sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth) flew over the Pole on May 12, 1926. Many modern explorers, including Olympic skiers using modern equipment, contend that Peary could not have reached the pole on foot in the time he claimed. He was the first to identify Antarctica as a continent and not a group of islands and was also the first person to discover the northern magnetic pole (1831). Adriana Craciun is still asking questions. His position was verified independently by a US Air Force meteorological overflight. Arctic Timeline from 2007-2008 "North Polar Chart, showing International Polar Stations, 1882-1883" from the Scottish Geographical Magazine Volume I, No. The first persons to reach the North Pole on foot (or skis) and return with no outside help, no dogs, air planes, or re-supplies were Richard Weber (Canada) and Misha Malakhov (Russia) in 1995. [citation needed]. By: Beth Jones. They knew about the Arctic - named Arktos -The Bear, from the constellation the great bear and decided that in order to balance the world, there should be a similar cold Southern landmass that was the same but the opposite "Ant - Arktos" - opposite The Bear. [citation needed] Most notable is the 1596 expedition led by Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz who discovered Spitsbergen and Bear Island. Shipwrecked off the history of arctic exploration Kola Peninsula and sailed to the Kola Peninsula and the White sea this section ANWR. 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